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Chapter 076 The first half circle, the second half circle

Correspondingly, the heat consumed by heating the same amount of air with a temperature rise of 1 degree under constant volume is Qv=0.000244 calories.

The heat difference between the two is Qp-Qv=0.000103 calories.

On the other hand, the volume increases to 1/274 times the original volume when the temperature is increased by 1 degree isobaric expansion.

The work done by the gas to the outside can raise a 1.033 kg mercury column by 1/274 cm.

That is, work=1.033×1/27400=3.78×10-5 kg·m.

So Meier derives the thermal work equivalent as

J=A/=3.78×10-5/1.03×10-7=367kg·m/kcal.

Or 3597 joules/kcal, which in the early 2000s was 4187 joules/kcal to be exact.

Mayer also specifically examines several other different forms of force.

He took the generator as an example to illustrate "the conversion of mechanical effects to electricity."

He believes that "the force of the fall" can be measured by "the product of weight and height."

"This force or mechanical effect is always a constant constant regardless of whether the falling force is converted into motion or the motion is converted into a falling force."

Meier was the first in the history of science to apply the thermodynamic point of view to the study of phenomena in the organic world. He examined the physical and chemical transitions in the life activities of organic matter, and was convinced that the "life force" theory was absurd.

He proved that the life process is not called "life force", but a chemical process, which is converted into heat due to the absorption of oxygen and food. In this way, Meier sees the life activities of plants and animals, from a materialist standpoint, as the transformation of various forms of energy.

In 1848, Meier published the book "Mechanics of the Celestial Body", which explained that the meteorite's luminescence was due to the loss of kinetic energy in the atmosphere.

He also applied the principle of conservation of energy to explain the ebb and flow of tides.

Although Meier was the first to put forward the principle of energy conversion and conservation completely, within a few years after his work was published, not only did it not get people's attention, but it was opposed by some famous physicists.

Because his thoughts were not in line with the popular concepts at that time, he was slandered and ridiculed by people, which greatly stimulated his spirit. He was once locked up in a mental hospital and was tortured.

It is the German Heiman Helmholtz who demonstrated the law of energy transformation and conservation from many aspects.

He worked for many years in the laboratory of renowned physiologist Müller, studying "animal fever."

He was convinced that all life phenomena must obey the laws of physics and chemistry.

He had good training in mathematics in his early years, and at the same time was very familiar with the achievements of mechanics. He had read the works of Newton, D'Alembert, Lagrange and others, and was deeply impressed by Lagrange's analytical mechanics.

His father was a professor of philosophy and was a good friend of the famous philosopher Fecht.

Hyman Helmholtz accepted the influence of his predecessors and became a follower of Kant's philosophy, taking the great unity of nature as his creed.

He believes that if the "force" in nature is conserved, then all "forces" should have the same dimension as mechanical "forces" and can be reduced to mechanical "forces".

In 1847, the 26-year-old Helmholtz wrote the famous paper "Conservation of Force", which fully discussed this proposition.

This paper was a report at the meeting of the Berlin Physical Society on July 23, 1847. Because it was considered a general paper that was speculative and lacked experimental research results, it was not published in the internationally prestigious "Annuals of Physics" at that time, and It is printed separately in booklet form.

But history has shown that this paper has an important place in the development of thermodynamics, because Helmholtz summed up the work of many people, extended the concept of energy from mechanical motion to all processes of change in one fell swoop, and proved the general principle of conservation of energy.

This is a very powerful theoretical weapon for a deeper understanding of the unity of nature.

Helmholtz begins the dissertation by claiming that his "the main content of the dissertation is to confront physicists," and that his purpose is "to establish fundamental principles, from which various inferences can be drawn, and then related to physics. Learn and compare various experiences in different branches.”

There is a clear tendency in his discourse, which is to try to attribute all natural processes to the action of central force.

And we all know that the conservation of energy is correct under the action of only the central force, but this is only a special case of the principle of conservation of energy, so it is incorrect to regard the central force as a condition for the conservation of general energy.

His thesis is divided into six sections. The first two sections mainly review the development of mechanics, emphasize the conservation of vitality, and then analyze the principle of conservation of "force".

The third section deals with various applications of the conservation principle; the fourth section is entitled "The Force Equivalence of Heat," where he explicitly rejects the theory of heat and mass, and regards heat as a form of particle motion energy.

Section V "Force Equivalence of Electric Processes" and Section VI "Force Equivalence of Magnetic and Electromagnetic Phenomena" discuss various electromagnetic phenomena and electrochemical processes, especially thermal phenomena in batteries. The energy conversion relationship is studied in detail .

The article ends by mentioning that the concept of energy may also be applied to the life process of an organism. His argument is close to Meier's~www.wuxiamtl.com~ However, it seems that he was not aware of Meier's work at the time.

Helmholtz wrote in his concluding remarks: "It has been proved by the above statement that the laws in question do not contradict any of the facts of the natural sciences known hitherto, but are conspicuously confirmed by the majority of facts. The complete verification of this law must perhaps be regarded as one of the main subjects of physics in the near future."

In fact, the work to experimentally verify this law began long before Helmholtz's paper.

Joule has made a great contribution in this regard.

......

Fire overcomes gold because fire can burn gold "pure" and change it into other elements, so what about earth and water?

Zhou Wenwen pondered for a long time, and only had a few ideas to answer, but they were all too reluctant, but it was okay, he could prove it from the side.

First, soil resists water, because when the elements in the soil combine with water, it can change the water. In this process, the water will lose units, and the soil will gain water.

Second, soil resists water, because soil produces metal, and metal changes water. In this process, water will lose units. Although soil will not get water, it will not lose units.

At this point, Zhou Wenwen has finally collected the theory of the Five Elements Great Evolution, and can start collecting the energy of the Five Elements. At the same time, Zhou Wenwen will teach the Five Elements Great Evolution.

After collecting the energy of the five elements, under the **** of Tis, Zhou Wenwen stood on a large platform and drew a circle with a radius of 3.6 meters using red paint made of cinnabar with himself as the center.

Zhou Wenwen then used black paint made of pine charcoal to draw a circle with a half length of 3 meters. Later, Zhou Wenwen used two kinds of paints to draw a circle with a radius of 2.4 meters. The red paint painted the upper half of the circle, and the black paint painted the lower half. lock up.

......

To be continued

Chapter 077 Announcement Spiral Volume