I Have a Store In the World of American Comics

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Chapter 080 Magnetic Storm

But Clark was the first to shed light on the role of geostationary orbits for broadcasting and relaying communications satellites.

So, sometimes the geostationary orbit is also called the Clark orbit.

Correspondingly, there is an area 35,786 km above sea level called the Clark Belt, which lies in the equatorial plane and can be used as a geostationary-like orbit.

In addition, the circumference of Clark's orbit is approximately 265,000 km.

A satellite or artificial satellite orbiting the earth in this orbit is always at the same position on the earth's surface.

Its orbital eccentricity and orbital inclination are both zero. The movement period is 23 hours, 56 minutes and 04 seconds, which is consistent with the rotation period of the earth, and the orbit radius is 42164.169km.

Since the sub-satellite point trajectory of a satellite moving in a stationary orbit is a point, an observer on the surface can always observe the satellite at the same position in the sky at any time, and will find that the satellite is stationary in the sky, so many Artificial satellites, especially communication satellites, mostly use geostationary orbits.

Generally, the geostationary orbit is a high-density area of ​​communication satellites, which is located in the near equatorial area about 6.6 earth radii from the center of the earth.

The space environment in this region is mainly composed of high-energy particles other than gravitational field, thermal plasma, plasma layer plasma, ring current, magnetic field, solar electromagnetic radiation, meteoroids and space debris.

The geostationary orbit area is also the area where the earth's space environment is seriously affected by solar activity. When the strong solar wind arrives, the magnetosphere will be compressed, and the geostationary orbit area is completely exposed to the solar cosmic rays and high-speed solar wind.

During magnetic storms or substorms, the high-temperature plasma injected from the magnetic tail can also reach this region, making this region a high-incidence region for spacecraft anomalies caused by the space environment. The high-energy particle environment and the thermal plasma environment injected by the substorm are The most important environment leading to the anomaly is the area where the spacecraft charging problem is most severe.

Joule is a famous British experimental physicist.

He was born in the suburbs of Manchester, England in 1818, the son of a wealthy winery owner.

He was taught at home by a tutor from an early age, and at the age of 16 he and his brother studied with the famous chemist Dalton, which played a key guiding role in Joule's life and led him to a strong interest in science. He started various experiments at home and became an amateur scientist.

At this time, it was not long after the discovery of electromagnetic force and electromagnetic induction, and the motor—then called magneto—just appeared. People didn’t know much about the inherent laws of electromagnetic phenomena, and they lacked a deep understanding of circuits.

I just felt that the magneto was very novel, and it might replace the steam engine as a new power with higher efficiency and convenient management, so an electrical boom swept across Europe and even the United States.

Joule was just 20 years old at the time, at a sensitive age, and he had good experimental conditions at home. He was very interested in innovative power equipment, so he threw himself into the electrical boom and began to study magneto-electric machines.

In the years from 1838 to 1842, Joule wrote eight communications and papers on electrical machines, one on batteries, and three on electromagnets.

He noticed the heating phenomenon in the motor and circuit through various experiments of the magneto, and he believed that this, like the friction phenomenon in the operation of the machine, was the source of power loss.

So he began to study the thermal effect of electric current.

In 1841, he published an article in the "Journal of Philosophy", "The heat generated by the metal conductor of electricity and the heat in the battery during electrolysis", describing his experiment: In order to determine the thermal power of a metal wire, let the wire pass through a glass the tube, and then wrap it tightly around the tube, leaving a gap between each turn, and the coil ends are separated. Then put the glass tube into the container containing water, and use a thermometer to measure the temperature change caused by the water after the power is turned on.

During the experiment, he first used wires of different sizes, and then changed the intensity of the current. The results determined that "the heat generated by the voltaic current passing through the metal conductor in a certain period of time is proportional to the square of the current intensity and the product of the conductor resistance."

This is the famous Joule's law, also known as iR's law.

Subsequently, he did a lot of experiments with electrolytes to prove that the above conclusion is still correct.

The discovery of the iR law gave Joule a clear understanding of the role of current in electrical circuits.

He imitated the circulation of blood in the animal body, compared the battery to the heart and lung, and compared the electric current to the blood, and pointed out: "Electricity can be regarded as an important medium for carrying, arranging and transforming chemical heat", and believes that in the battery " Burning" a certain amount of chemical "fuel" will emit a corresponding amount of heat in the circuit, as much as the direct combustion of these fuels in oxygen should be.

Note that Joule has already used the term "chemical heat of transformation" at this time, indicating that he has established a general concept of energy conversion, and he has a clear understanding of the equivalence of heat, chemical action, and electricity.

The strongest evidence of this equivalence, however, comes from direct experimental data on thermal work equivalents.

It is precisely because of the exploration of heat loss in the magneto~www.wuxiamtl.com~ that Joule has carried out a large number of thermal work equivalent experiments.

In 1843 Joule stated his purpose in the article "Thermal Effect of Magnetoelectricity and the Mechanical Value of Heat", writing:

"I take it for granted that electricity from a magneto has the same thermal properties throughout the circuit as current from other sources.

Of course, if we think of heat not as matter, but as a state of vibration, there seems to be no reason to think that it cannot be caused by the action of a simple mechanical property, such as that of a coil rotating between the poles of a permanent magnet.

At the same time, it must also be admitted that no experiments have so far been able to come to a verdict on this very interesting question, since all these experiments are limited to parts of the circuit, which leaves doubt.

Is the heat generated, or is it transferred from the coils that induce the magnetic current?

If the heat is transferred from the coil, the coil itself becomes cold.

...so, I decided to work on clearing the uncertainty of magnetothermal. "

Joule put the magneto in a bucket that acts as a calorimeter, spins the magneto, and directs the current from the coil into a galvanometer for measurement, while measuring the temperature change of the water in the bucket.

Experiments have shown that the heat generated by the magneto coil is also proportional to the square of the current.

Joule connected the magneto to the circuit as a load, and another battery was connected to the circuit to observe the generation of heat inside the magneto. At this time, the magneto was still placed in the bucket as a calorimeter. Joule continued to write: "I Turning the wheel to one side can make the magneto connect to the current in the opposite direction. Turning to the other side, the current can be increased by the magneto. In the former case, the instrument has all the characteristics of the magneto, in the latter case it is counterproductive, it consumes the mechanical force."

......

To be continued

Chapter 081 Announcement of the Legion Commander