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Small shield volcano:

Venus has about 100,000 small shield volcanoes less than 20 kilometers in diameter. These volcanoes are often distributed in clusters, known as shields.

There are more than 550 shield-shaped areas that have been marked on maps by scientists, most of which are between 100 and 200 kilometers in diameter.

Shield-shaped zones are widely distributed, mainly in low-lying plains or low-lying hills.

Scientists have found that many of the shields have been covered by newer lava plains, so they speculate that the shields are very old and may have formed in the early days of volcanic activity.

Atmospheric Environment:

The sky of Venus is orange.

There is also lightning on Venus, with the largest ever recorded lasting 15 minutes.

The atmosphere of Venus is mainly composed of carbon dioxide, with a small amount of nitrogen. The atmospheric pressure of Venus is very high, 92 times that of Earth, equivalent to the pressure at a depth of 1 km in the Earth's oceans.

The presence of large amounts of carbon dioxide causes the greenhouse effect to be carried out on a large scale on Venus.

Without such a greenhouse effect, the temperature would drop by 400°C.

In the lowlands near the equator, the extreme surface temperature of Venus can be as high as 500°C. This makes Venus even hotter than Mercury's surface even though it is twice as far from the Sun and gets only a quarter of the sunlight (2613.9W/m2 at high altitude and 1071.1W at the surface) /m2).

Although Venus rotates very slowly (a "day" of Venus is longer than a "year" of Venus, and the rotation speed in the equatorial zone is only 6.5 kilometers per hour), due to thermal inertia and convection of the dense atmosphere, the temperature difference between day and night is not large. big.

Winds in the upper atmosphere can evenly transfer heat around Venus in just 4 days.

The thick clouds of Venus reflect most of the sunlight back into space, so the surface of Venus receives less sunlight, and most of the sunlight cannot reach the surface of Venus directly. The reflectivity of thermal radiation on Venus is about 60%, and the reflectivity of visible light is even greater.

Although Venus is closer to the Sun than Earth, its surface receives less light than Earth. Without the greenhouse effect, the surface temperature of Venus would be very close to that of Earth.

People often assume that Venus' dense clouds can absorb more heat, which turns out to be quite absurd.

On the contrary, without these clouds, the temperature would be higher.

The greenhouse effect caused by the abundance of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the real reason for absorbing more heat.

The 2004 Venus transit Venus had strong winds of 350 kilometers per hour at the top of the clouds, but it was calm on the surface, no more than a few thousand meters per hour. However, considering the density of the atmosphere, even very slow winds will Has enormous power to overcome the resistance of progress.

The clouds of Venus are mainly composed of sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid, which completely cover the entire surface of Venus. This makes it difficult for observers on Earth to see the surface of Venus through this barrier.

The temperature at the top of these clouds is about -45°C. The data given by NASA shows that the temperature of the surface of Venus is 464 ℃.

The temperature at the cloud tops is the lowest on Venus, while the surface temperature never drops below 400°C.

The high temperature on the surface of Venus is due to the strong greenhouse effect on Venus. The greenhouse effect refers to the thermal insulation effect formed by the closed space that transmits sunlight due to the lack of heat exchange with the outside world.

The greenhouse effect on Venus is astonishingly strong, because Venus' atmosphere is 100 times denser than Earth's, and more than 97% of the atmosphere is the "insulation gas" - carbon dioxide.

At the same time, there is a thick cloud composed of concentrated sulfuric acid in the atmosphere of Venus with a thickness of 20 to 30 kilometers.

Carbon dioxide and dense clouds only allow sunlight to pass through, but do not allow heat to escape into space through the clouds.

The enclosed solar radiation makes the surface of Venus hotter and hotter.

The greenhouse effect makes the surface temperature of Venus as high as 465 to 485 ℃, and there is basically no difference between regions, seasons, day and night.

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Chapter 216 Prediction Against Magic