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Research shows that the geological structure on Venus is still very active, and the magma of Venus contains water.

From the photos sent back by the two, we know that the sky of Venus is orange-yellow, and the objects on the surface are also orange-yellow.

The temperature of the landing area of ​​"Venus 13" is 457 ℃. The landing site of "Venus 14" is relatively flat and is a brown-red plateau. The ground is covered with brown sand and gravel. The rock layer is relatively hard and the layers are well-defined.

The air pressure in the landing zone of "Venus 13" is 89 atmospheres; the landing zone of "Venus 14" is 94 atmospheres, which is equivalent to the pressure at a depth of 900 meters in the earth's oceans.

There is a layer of sulfuric acid gas like a fog at a distance of 30 kilometers to 45 kilometers from the ground. This sulfuric acid fog is about 25 kilometers thick and is highly corrosive.

The detection shows that the equator of Venus has a jet stream from east to west, with a maximum wind speed of 110 meters per second!

The atmosphere of Venus is 97% carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, argon, carbon monoxide and water vapor.

The atmosphere of Venus, which is mainly composed of carbon dioxide, is like a protective cover of a greenhouse. It only allows the heat of sunlight to enter, and does not let its heat escape, thus forming a high temperature and high pressure environment on the surface of Venus.

On June 2 and June 7, 1983, "Venus 15" and "Venus 16" were successfully launched one after another. They reached the vicinity of Venus on October 10 and 14, respectively, and became its artificial satellites. It circled Venus every hour and probed the surface and atmosphere of Venus.

The radar altimeter on the detector scans and observes the surface of Venus in the orbit around Venus. The surface resolution of the radar is 1 to 2 kilometers, and the topographic structure of the surface of Venus can be clearly seen. It has successfully mapped about 25% of the north latitude of 30 degrees. Topographic map of the surface of Venus.

In December 1984, the former Soviet Union launched the "Venus-Halley" probe, and on June 9 and 13, 1985, they met Venus and released the buoyancy probe to Venus—helium-filled balloons and landing capsules, which carried The TV camera detected the clouds of Venus and found that there is an atmospheric circulation at the top of the Venus atmosphere in the same direction as the rotation, with a speed of up to 320 kilometers per hour, and the landing equipment also drilled and analyzed the Venusian soil.

After completing its mission, the "Venus-Halley" probe used Venus's gravity to change its orbit and flew to Halley's Comet.

Looking at the characteristics of the former Soviet Union's Venus exploration, it is mainly to launch a landing device for investigation, to overcome the high temperature and high pressure on Venus with a special process, and to obtain valuable first-hand information on the surface of Venus.

The brilliant achievements of the former Soviet Union's aerospace technology greatly stimulated the Americans.

In the early 1960s, according to the lunar landing plan proposed by President Kennedy, NASA made every effort to carry out lunar exploration activities; however, seeing the former Soviet Union's exploration of Venus, it was particularly anxious.

The U.S. authorities immediately decided to divide their forces into two groups, and while implementing the moon landing, they would use part of their strength to detect Venus.

On July 22, 1961, the United States launched the "Marine 1" Venus probe, which had to detonate on its own due to deviating from its course shortly after lift-off.

On August 27, 1962, the "Mariner 2" Venus probe was launched. After flying 280 million kilometers, on December 14 of the same year, when it flew from a distance of 3,500 kilometers from Venus, it measured the atmospheric temperature of Venus for the first time and took a panoramic view of Venus. Photo, but due to design flaws, during the detection process, the optical tracker, solar panels, battery pack and remote control system all failed one after another, failing to execute the plan satisfactorily.

On June 14, 1967, the "Mariner 5" Venus probe was launched, and on October 19 of the same year, it passed 3,970 kilometers away from Venus and made atmospheric measurements.

On November 3, 1973, the "Mariner 10" Mercury probe was launched. On February 5, 1974, it passed by Venus at a distance of 5,760 kilometers from Venus. It took a TV photo of the atmosphere of Venus and sent back thousands of Venus photos.

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