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Pioneer:

Since 1978, the United States has shifted the focus of planetary exploration activities to Venus.

On May 20 and August 8, 1978, the "Pioneer-Venus 1 and 2" were launched, respectively.

Among them, No. 1 successfully reached the orbit of Venus on December 4 of the same year and became its artificial satellite. It observed the atmosphere of Venus for 244 days, examined the clouds, atmosphere and ionosphere of Venus, studied the magnetic field on the surface of Venus, and detected the The interaction between the Venusian atmosphere and the solar wind was also used to map the surface topography of Venus using onboard radar.

In January 1988, two U.S. geologists reported that the Aphrodite Plateau region on the surface of Venus had features very similar to oceanic ridges on Earth. They analyzed the U.S. "Pioneer-Venus 1" spacecraft orbiting Venus. The results of measuring the surface of Venus with radar signals.

It was found that the fracture pattern of the strata in the Aphrodite Plateau of Venus is very similar to the situation near the mid-ocean ridge on Earth, and the features on both sides of the main ridge are approximately mirror-symmetrical, which is also an important feature of the mid-ocean ridge.

The distribution characteristics of mountains, canyons and faults there indicate that the crust of Venus is expanding, and its expansion rate of several centimeters per year is similar to that of the earth's sea (ocean) floor.

"Pioneer-Venus 2" entered the atmosphere of Venus with 4 landing capsules. One of the landing capsules worked continuously for 67 minutes after landing, sending back some pictures and data.

Different layers in the clouds of Venus have obvious physical and chemical characteristics. When it rains on Venus, it is sulfuric acid instead of water. The detection also shows that there is extremely frequent lightning on Venus.

The topography of Venus is similar to that of Earth, with mountain-like terrain and vast plains; there are volcanoes and a huge canyon, which is about 6 kilometers deep, more than 200 kilometers wide, and 1,000 kilometers long; on the surface of Venus, there is a huge The crater is 120 kilometers in diameter, with steep sides and 3 kilometers deep.

Magellan:

In order to achieve greater achievements in the detection of Venus, NASA decided to use its advanced equipment in radar detection technology to investigate the overall picture and geological structure of Venus in detail through the dense clouds of Venus.

On May 4, 1989, the space shuttle Atlantis took the "Magellan" Venus probe into space and sent it on its voyage to Venus the next day.

The "Magellan" Venus probe weighs 3,365 kilograms and costs $413 million.

Later facts show that the "Magellan" is the most advanced and successful Venus probe to date.

The Magellan is equipped with an advanced television camera radar system that can map objects as small as a football field on the surface of Venus through thick clouds, with a resolution 10 times better than the images of Venus so far!

The high-resolution synthetic aperture radar it carries, its transmitting and receiving antennas are similar to the directional antennas of the famous "Voyager" probe, and it is also a 3.65-meter-diameter parabolic antenna, but its performance is much improved. At an altitude of 250 kilometers near the equator, the resolution can also reach 270 meters.

The central mission of "Magellan" is to conduct geological and geophysical exploration research on Venus. Through advanced radar detection technology, to study whether Venus has riverbed and oceanic structures. There has been a vast ocean.

After a 15-month voyage, "Magellan" ignited a reverse brake rocket on August 10, 1990, reducing its speed from 39,600 kilometers per hour to 27,900 kilometers per hour, and entered an orbit around Venus.

It takes about 189 minutes for the "Magellan" probe to circle around the Venus meridian, and the scanning width is 20 to 25 kilometers;

A 37-minute observation is planned from the Arctic region to 60 degrees south latitude, with a journey of about 15,000 kilometers.

On August 16, "Magellan" sent back the first batch of photos.

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Chapter 226 Teaser "Magellan"