I Have a Store In the World of American Comics

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The high price of GaAs materials limits the popularity of GaAs batteries to a large extent.

Copper indium selenide thin film battery (abbreviated as CIS) is suitable for photoelectric conversion, and there is no light-induced degradation problem, and the conversion efficiency is the same as that of polysilicon.

It has the advantages of low price, good performance and simple process, and will become an important direction for the development of solar cells in the future.

The only problem is the source of the material. Since both indium and selenium are relatively rare elements, the development of such batteries is bound to be limited. l

Nanocrystalline chemical energy solar cells are newly developed, and their advantages lie in their cheap cost, simple process and stable performance. Its photoelectric efficiency is stable at more than 10%, the production cost is only 15-110% of that of silicon solar cells, and its lifespan can reach more than 20 years.

Organic thin-film solar cells are solar cells whose core parts are composed of organic materials.

Dye-sensing solar cell, Dye-, DSSC, is a brand-new solar cell newly developed.

DSsC is also called Grötzelcell, because it was published in 1991 by Grötzel et al. The structure is different from general photovoltaic cells, and its substrate is usually glass.

But it can also be a transparent and flexible polymeric foil with a transparent conductive oxide layer on the glass, .

Usually FTO (SnO2:F) is used, and then a layer of porous nano-sized particles (about 10-20 nm) about 10 microns thick is grown to form a nano-porous film.

Then a layer of dye is applied to the particles.

Usually dyes are used.

In addition to the use of glass and glass, the upper electrode is also plated with a layer of platinum as a catalyst for the electrolyte reaction, and the two electrodes are filled with electrolyte.

Although the maximum conversion efficiency of DSC cells is about 12% (theoretically the highest is 29%), the manufacturing process is simple, so it is generally believed that the production cost will be greatly reduced, and the electricity bill per kWh will also be reduced.

The low manufacturing cost of dye-sensitized solar cells makes them highly competitive. Its energy conversion efficiency is about 12%.

Plastic solar cells use recyclable plastic films as raw materials, and can be mass-produced through "roll-to-roll printing" technology, which is low-cost and environmentally friendly.

......

What about solar cells?

The hunters thought about it for a long time, and finally because of technical problems, they could not solve the light source of solar cells, so they had to put this matter to the other side, and turned their attention to the remaining three types, chemical batteries, fuel cells, thermoelectric battery.

A fuel cell is a chemical device that directly converts the chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy, also known as an electrochemical generator.

It is the fourth power generation technology after hydropower, thermal power and atomic power.

Because the fuel cell power generation is not limited by the Carnot cycle.

Theoretically, its power generation efficiency can reach 85% to 90%, but due to the limitations of various polarizations during operation, the current energy conversion efficiency of fuel cells is about 40% to 60%.

If the combined heat and power supply is realized, the total utilization rate of fuel can be as high as 80% or more.

When fuel cells are fueled by hydrogen-rich gas such as natural gas, the emission of carbon dioxide is reduced by more than 40% compared with the heat engine process, which is very important for alleviating the greenhouse effect of the earth.

In addition, since the fuel gas of the fuel cell must be desulfurized before the reaction, and electricity is generated according to the electrochemical principle, there is no high-temperature combustion process, so almost no nitrogen and sulfur oxides are emitted, which reduces the pollution to the atmosphere.

The specific energy of liquid hydrogen fuel cells is 800 times that of nickel-cadmium batteries, and the specific energy of direct methanol fuel cells is more than 10 times higher than that of lithium-ion batteries (rechargeable batteries with the highest energy density).

At present, although the actual specific energy of fuel cells is only 10% of the theoretical value, it is still much higher than that of general batteries.

The fuel cell has a simple structure, few moving parts, and low noise during operation.

Even in the vicinity of an 11MW-class fuel cell power plant, the measured noise is less than 55dB.

For fuel cells, any substance containing hydrogen atoms can be used as fuel, such as natural gas, oil, coal and other fossil products, or biogas, alcohol, methanol, etc. Therefore, fuel cells are very suitable for the needs of energy diversification and can slow down the mainstream energy depletion.

When the load of the fuel cell changes, it responds quickly. It can withstand with little change in efficiency, whether in overload operation above rated power or under rated power operation.

Due to the highly reliable operation of fuel cells, they can be used as various emergency power sources and uninterruptible power sources.

The fuel cell has an assembled structure, which is easy to install and maintain, and does not require many auxiliary facilities.

The design and manufacture of fuel cell power plants are quite convenient.

A fuel cell will be a power generation device in which the chemical energy of fuel and oxidant is directly converted into electrical energy through electrochemical reaction.

The fuel cell can theoretically operate at a thermal efficiency close to 100%, which is very economical.

Due to the limitations of various technical factors, and considering the energy consumption of the entire device system, the total conversion efficiency of various fuel cells currently in operation is mostly in the range of 45% to 60%. If the utilization of exhaust heat is considered, it can reach more than 80%.

In addition, fuel cell units have no or few moving parts, are reliable, require less maintenance, and are quieter than traditional generator sets.

In addition, the electrochemical reaction is clean and complete, and few harmful substances are produced.

All of this makes the fuel cell seen as a promising energy power plant.

A fuel cell is an electrochemical power generation device that directly converts chemical energy into electrical energy in an isothermal electrochemical manner without going through a heat engine process. uukanshu. Com is not restricted by the Carnot cycle, so the energy conversion efficiency is high, and there is no noise and pollution, and it is becoming an ideal energy utilization method.

At the same time, with the continuous maturity of fuel cell technology and the sufficient natural gas source provided by the West-East Gas Pipeline Project, the commercial application of fuel cells has broad prospects for development.

A fuel cell is an energy conversion device that directly converts the chemical energy stored in the fuel and oxidant into electrical energy according to the electrochemical principle, that is, the working principle of a primary cell, so the actual process is a redox reaction.

A fuel cell is mainly composed of four parts, namely anode, cathode, electrolyte and external circuit.

The fuel gas and the oxidizing gas are respectively introduced into the anode and cathode of the fuel cell.

The fuel gas releases electrons on the anode, and the electrons are conducted to the cathode through an external circuit and combine with the oxidizing gas to generate ions.

Under the action of the electric field, the ions migrate to the anode through the electrolyte and react with the fuel gas to form a circuit and generate an electric current.

At the same time, due to its own electrochemical reaction and the internal resistance of the battery, the fuel cell will also generate a certain amount of heat.

Chapter 0238 Announcement of Porous Body

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