Into Unscientific

 Chapter 675 Paper published!

 Hello, gentlemen, "PhysicalReviewLetters" has been found!"

 The moment I heard this sentence.

　　唰—

Xiao Yang, who was about to say a few more polite words to Weinberger, suddenly stopped talking, and both Chen Shengshen and Li Jingjun beside him looked at the woman who appeared.

 After a while.

Chén Shengshen, who was most familiar with the human relations of Berkeley University, came to his senses first. He coughed lightly and quickly asked the black woman:

"Ms. Thalia, are you sure you have found the "PhysicalReviewLetters" we are looking for?"

 The black woman smoothed her curly hair:

"YES, Professor Chen, I have put the paper on the table. You can come in and take a look."

Upon seeing this, Chen Shengshen quickly patted Li Jingjun and Xiao Yang on the shoulders and said:

 “Let’s go, let’s go.”

 Li Jingjun and Xiao Yang have no objection to this.

　　Then Xiao Yang and Weinberg said a few words, such as "I'll get in touch first when I have time", and the three of them walked to the mailroom.

Although Weinberg was interested in chatting with Xiao Yang again, looking at the posture of these Chinese big guys, it was obvious that they had personal matters to attend to, so he was wise enough not to follow them presumptuously.

The mailroom at Berkeley University was about half the size of an ordinary classroom in later generations. There were windows at the entrance and on the wall opposite the entrance. There were also several desks in the room with drinks such as coffee, milk, and tea on them.

There are many cardboard boxes of varying degrees of unpacking placed on the floor inside the room, and three or four people squatting beside each cardboard box are sorting various books:

“There are six journals in the chemistry group!”

“HarvardBusinessReview”. Those old professors in the School of Economics are living more and more, and they also want to buy Harvard University’s journals.”

"The Atlantic. I remember who just opened the other book?"

　　""zoujinbukexue" passionate unabridged version."

“I found a letter from Professor Guderian, who can take it?”

 “Put the letter here with me”

 After entering the house.

Ms. Thalia, who greeted Chen Shengshen and others, led a few people to a table in the back. Pointing to a tightly packed book on the table and a piece of paper beside the book, she said:

"Professor Chen, this is "Physical Review Letters". Please also sign the list, thank you."

 Chen Shengshen nodded towards her, picked up the pen and signed his name on the paper skillfully.

 Finish these.

 He picked up a small knife from the table and carefully cut a slit in the brown paper.

"Um?"

After his left hand touched the journal wrapped in brown paper, Chen Shengshen raised his eyebrows slightly and couldn't help but let out a light sigh.

Li Jingjun on the side noticed his reaction keenly and asked quickly:

 “Brother Sheng Shen, what’s wrong?”

Chen Shengshen took out the journal completely, put it in front of Li Jingjun, and said:

“Brother Jingjun, see for yourself.”

Li Jingjun took the journal and looked at it a few times, and soon discovered something unusual:

 “Hmm, this issue of the journal seems a bit thin?”

 Chen Shengshen nodded slightly.

The Internet has not yet appeared these days. In the absence of online indexes, the only carrier of each paper is the magazine in which it was printed.

  Therefore, papers these days usually record all the contents in the magazine in detail, which results in the thickness of most magazines being usually not thin.

Like some bimonthly or semi-annual magazines, a thickness of seven or eight centimeters is normal.

 Generally speaking.

 Such a thin paper often indicates that it is

 “A special issue?”

Hearing Xiao Yang’s guess, Chen Shengshen raised his chin towards the journal again:

“Whether it’s a special issue or not, you’ll know by looking at the content.”

“Xiao Yang, you are the one with the highest level of physics among the three of us, so you should take the first look.”

Xiao Yang nodded when he heard this, took the journal and read it.

 "《In-depthExplorationofGaugeFieldsandParticleModels:SpeculationsandPhenomenaon\'Metahadrons\'.》.”

The first thing that catches the eye is naturally the title of the paper. The word "Metahadrons" condenses Xiao Yang's spirit.

Metahadrons is not a common English word, and it has a strong connotation of splicing.

 Follow.

Like Guzmit, Xiao Yang immediately noticed the name of the publisher of the paper:

“ZhaoZhongYao、ZhuHongYuan、HuNing、WangGanChang、YangHe、LuGuangDa、LiJue、ChineseDonkey”

 In a very short moment.

Xiao Yang's body even shook slightly, and the journal in his hand almost fell to the ground.

 Fortunately, Xiao Yang quickly adjusted his body and took the journal back into his hand.

 Zhao Zhongyao.

 Zhu Hongyuan.

Hu Ning

 Wang Ganchang.

Yang He

 Lu Guangda.

His eyes looked at these names again and again. After a long while, he raised his head and looked at Chen Shengshen and Li Jingjun, who looked curious:

“Yes, it’s a special issue, published by our Chinese scientists, and Zhao Zhongyao, Wang Ganchang and Guangda have all signed it.”

“Also judging from the title, this should be a paper related to particle models.”

 After briefly introducing the situation, Xiao Yang picked up the journal and started reading it again.

“As we all know, at the beginning of this year, Gell-Mann and Neiman proposed the “eight-fold method” to classify hadrons using the SU(3) symmetry of the strong interaction.”

“This classification is very similar to the classification of elements (atoms) in Mendeleev’s periodic table. Mathematically speaking, they correspond to different representations of the SU(3) symmetry group.”

Although the content of the paper is in English, bilingual translation is not difficult for international students like Xiao Yang who are across the sea.

Terms that may seem unfamiliar to outsiders quickly passed through Xiao Yang's mind, and the noisy conversations around him seemed to disappear.

"The energy-momentum relation of special relativity is E=P+m. Let the energy E be replaced by the energy operator i/t, and the momentum P be replaced by the momentum operator i▽, you can get -/t=-▽+m, that is ▽-/t-m=0”

“Let both sides act on the wave function Ψ to get (-m) Ψ = 0. The operator is a four-dimensional scalar under the Lorentz transformation, that is, \' = the square of the static mass m is a constant.”

"To make the Klein-Gordon field equation have the covariance of the Lorentz transformation, that is, the equation (-m)Ψ=0 is transformed into the space-time coordinates of the space-time coordinates to obtain the (\'-m)Ψ\'=0 form The only requirement is that the wave function Ψ\'=Ψ after Lorentz space-time coordinate transformation will achieve the goal. Such a field is called a scalar field."

"If the Lorentz transformation is made special, keeping time constant and rotating in space, then the rotated wave function Ψ\' (X\', t) = exp(-iS·α)Ψ(X, t )."

“This means that when time t remains unchanged, the space coordinate vector X of the wave function Ψ (X, t) becomes the vector

Xiao Yang looked at the paper in front of him as if it were a treasure, and there was even a hint of greed on his face.     Mentioned earlier.

 The Yang-Mills framework first proposed by Xiao Yang and Mills actually has major problems.

Of course.

 The issue here does not refer to the correctness of the framework—this thing is not a model and does not involve physical assumptions, so there is no question of whether it has been experimentally confirmed.

 For example, Yang-Mills theory is a shield machine, and various models are tunnels dug by this shield machine. Whether these tunnels can lead to where we want to go has nothing to do with the shield machine.

 Some tunnels (electroweak theory, quantum chromodynamics) lead to where we want to go, but some tunnels (SU(5) Grand Unification, etc.) may not be possible now.

 The main problem is its well-posedness.

 That’s right, well-posedness—a word that may not sound very common.

 Its definition is simple:

 For a certain function space selected in advance, if the solution of the definite solution problem exists, is unique and stable in the function space, then the definite solution problem is said to be well-posed, otherwise it is ill-posed.

 In the Yang-Mills framework, well-posedness is a very complex issue.

For example, the gauge potential in the Yang-Mills field is actually the connection on the fiber bundle that has been studied in depth by mathematicians. It is a generalization of topological products and originated from the study of differential geometry.

But if you keep the gauge potential unchanged in the topological product and introduce the perturbation of electromagnetic waves, then the gauge potential will suddenly become seven spaces

At the same time, the mathematical changes cannot be explained by physical phenomena, so Yang-Mills theory has stagnated.

no way.

Particles smaller than hadrons have not been discovered yet, so what evidence or data is there to explain them?

  Another example is the biggest problem with Yang-Mills’ framework—it cannot explain the source of quality.

 In the framework of this theory, all particles have no mass.

  After all, the Higgs mechanism has not been proposed yet, and many research works are in the early stages.

 But at this moment.

 What made Xiao Yang's heart beat fast was.

 He actually saw part of the dawn of Yang-Mills' framework in the paper written by a Chinese person in front of him?

  After all, the paper very directly proposed the idea of ​​combining gauge symmetry and spontaneous breaking, and gave a very rigorous and complete derivation.

 This derivation process takes up three pages, and the final result is.

 Under the influence of spontaneous breaking, the longitudinal degrees of freedom of the gauge field will undergo certain changes.

 And the mechanism of this change

 This is the quality field that Xiao Yang and Mills have been pursuing!

 It is true.

Due to the content of the paper, Zhao Zhongyao and others did not combine the mass term with the Yang-Mills field in detail, but this is not difficult for top physicists like Xiao Yang.

 Mentioned earlier.

If you want to rank the physicists in human history, Xiao Yang and Weinberg would probably be ranked between 35 and 40, while Gell-Mann and Tehuft and others are probably in their early 40s.

  But if we want to rank the mathematical abilities of all physicists, then Yang Lao can definitely enter the top ten.

For example, the main reason why Xiao Li came to Xiao Yang on the issue of parity non-conservation was because Xiao Yang's calculation ability was extremely powerful.

In this era, except for Tehuft, basically no physicist can surpass Yang Lao in mathematical calculations.

 Hence very quickly.

Yang Laobian took the initiative to pick up the pen and quickly calculated:

“The vector field with mass is not gauge invariant, so in the SU(1) mechanism, the Lagrange quantity is the coupling of the complex scalar field and the U(1) gauge field.”

"Where Dμ=μigAμ and Fμν=μAννAμ. The potential energy part V(||)=μ2||2+λ||4.V||=2μ2||+4λ||3=0||=0and||2= μ22λ"

"If μ2<0, the lowest point of potential energy corresponds to |0|=μ22λ≡v2. If =x+iy, draw (x, y, V(x, y)) to be the top potential energy area, of which there are two Perturbations in the direction, perturbations in the radial direction and perturbations along the left side.”

“Then the following two fields ξ(x), η(x) can be considered. That is, the scalar field is expanded as follows near the vacuum expectation value.”

 Twenty minutes later.

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　——

Xiao Yang put down the pen in his hand without finishing his thoughts, and looked at the result in front of him with trembling lips.

 I only see this moment.

 On the calculation paper in front of him, a very concise parameter item was written:

=(0, (v+η)/2)UU(0, (v+η)/2)T+12(v+η)2.V()λv44+λv2η2+λvη3+λ4η4+DμA(U)_μ (U)igAμ(U)+Uμig(AμU+igμU)-UμigU(UAμU+igUμU).

 Look at this parameter item.

Xiao Yang suddenly had the urge to rush to the phone room, pick up the phone, and immediately contact his mentor and friend Robert Mills, and then tell him that the mass term of Yang's Mills framework had a solution.

 Seven years.

Seven years have passed, and the Yang Mills framework that Xiao Yang was so obsessed with has suddenly received one of the most critical optimizations.

more importantly.

The source of this optimization paper is not other top physicists in the world, but the poor motherland on the other side of the ocean?

 How did they achieve these results?

To know.

 Many of the parameters in this paper require in-depth theoretical research and advanced scientific equipment. Based on China's current scientific research reserves, there should be no possibility of success.

 Suddenly.

Xiao Yang thought of another thing:

The reason why they are here today is because the motherland mentioned the paper in this issue of "Physical Review Letters".

 Could it be

Does the local side want to use this paper to tell them that China now has a solid theoretical physics research foundation and equipment?

 “Xiao Yang.”

Just when Xiao Yang was hesitant, Chen Shengshen's voice suddenly came to his ears:

“What is written in this paper? Is it directly related to attracting people to return to China?”

Hearing this, Xiao Yang raised his head and glanced at Chen Shengshen and Li Jingjun beside him.

He licked the corners of his dry mouth, looked deeply at Chen Shengshen, and said:

“Brother Shengshen, this journal publishes a paper related to particle models. Due to professional barriers, it may be more complicated to explain academic things.”

“But if you want to reduce it to a summary, then obviously it should be.”

 Speak here.

Xiao Yang said word for word:

“The world of physics is about to change.”

Note:

 My body temperature is completely normal, but my cough inexplicably intensifies. When severe, it feels like I am about to vomit. I even feel a little cramped in my calves when I cough.

 (End of this chapter)