The Science Fiction World of Xueba

The most important point of m theory is that on the basis of superstring theory, the study of non-perturbed strings is added.

In addition to the one-dimensional strings, non-perturbed string theory also includes high-dimensional objects such as two-dimensional membranes and three cones (collectively referred to as membranes).

Before Pang Xuelin and Witten began to study the m theory, the international physics community generally believed that the superstring theory and the hypermembrane with a space dimension greater than one were two different theories, and there was no necessary connection between the two.

But after Pang Xuelin and Witten's research on the non-perturbative string theory, they discovered that on the basis of unified quantum mechanics and general relativity, not only can one-dimensional strings be connected with other super films, but also other super films. The membrane is unified within the same theoretical framework.

These super-films serve as the unified dynamic object of the theory, especially when the interaction of strings is large (that is, the strings are in the non-perturbative region). The dynamic effects of these high-dimensional films are more important than the one-dimensional strings.

This also proves to some extent why the perturbed string cannot give a complete theoretical framework of low-energy physics, because it ignores the more important dynamic effects of high-dimensional membranes.

Therefore, for the past six months, Pang Xuelin and Witten have been establishing dual relationships between five different superstring theories through Ponzi geometry.

The so-called duality is essentially a mathematical concept and is defined as follows: if two logical formulas are equal, their duality formulas are also equal.

Here, it means that between two seemingly different physical theories, there is actually a certain degree of equivalent effect.

Pang Xuelin and Witten found that this duality is mainly divided into two types, one is s duality and the other is t duality.

The s dual refers to a set of strongly interacting particle sets in a perturbed string theory. In some cases, it can be regarded as another set of weakly interacting particle sets in a completely different theory.

The t-dual is equivalent to a string propagating in a ring with a radius r and a string propagating in a ring with a radius 1 / r.

They found that the i-string theory is equivalent to the so (32) hybrid string theory under s duality.

iia string theory is equivalent to iib string theory under t dual.

...

The five string theories can be unified through various dualities and equivalent relationships between the eleven-dimensional supergravity.

Each of these five string theories is the result of extreme cases with different m-theories.

This is the m theory put forward by Witten in the real world, and it triggered the second superstring revolution.

The m theory reveals the nature of interactions and space-time, suggesting their non-essentiality.

In particular, the theory predicts the existence of extra dimensions and supersymmetry, and for the first time provides a microscopic explanation of some black hole entropy.

However, in the process of establishing the m theory, Pang Xuelin and Witten also discovered some problems.

The first is the vacuum problem.

There are various vacuum states in m theory. Given mathematical calculations, they conservatively estimate that there exists at least a vacuum solution of 10 ^ 500.

And the physical constant and cosmological constant of each vacuum solution are different.

Recent cosmological observations show that the universe in which the earth is located has a small positive cosmic constant, which governs the current accelerated expansion of the universe and constitutes the main matter (dark matter and dark energy) in the universe.

How to find the vacuum solution of the existing universe from many vacuum solutions and give the first-principles explanation is the question that m theory needs to answer.

Secondly, m theory also needs to answer the source and nature of dark energy.

According to Pang Xuelin's calculations, at present, through the m theory, a cosmological model of the early universe can be given, and even the very early tensor disturbances in the universe are much smaller than scalar disturbances.

This is consistent with the latest cosmological observations.

However, as far as dark energy and dark matter are concerned, there is currently no way to give a reasonable explanation.

Third, they also found in the calculations how to explain the strong coupling behavior in quantum chromodynamics, such as the vacuum properties of quantum chromodynamics, the properties of quark-gluon plasma under high temperature conditions, etc., m theory also exists Certain difficulties.

For the first two issues, neither Pang Xuelin nor Witten did much research.

They are very clear that under the current experimental conditions and astronomical observations, these two issues cannot be further broken.

However, on the third issue, Pang Xuelin and Witten have differences.

"Pang, our m theory has quite perfectly unified the five string theories with eleven-dimensional hypergravity. Although we have not been able to confirm that our theory is completely correct, these seamless duality relationships and the relationship between the theories Other wonderful relationships prove that we have no problems in the general direction ... "

On the small terrace of the villa, Witten was drinking tea and smiling at Pang Xuelin.

The research in the past six months has been smoother than he thought.

In particular, the various dual relationships established by Ponzi geometry connect the different perturbative string theories very cleverly.

Witten is certain that once this result is proposed, it will definitely cause a sensation in the physics community.

If it is not for the existing experimental conditions to verify this theory, the significance of this theory in the history of physics is comparable to Einstein's theory of relativity and that of Max Planck, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, The quantum mechanics established by Erwin Schrödinger and others.

But just when he thought he could write a dissertation and show this great achievement to the physics community, Pang Xuelin objected.

"Professor Witten, I don't think we need to be so anxious." Pang Xuelin said, "According to my previous calculations, m theory can explain the strong coupling behavior in quantum chromodynamics, but now there is no way to explain it, we must still What was missing. "

In fact, this is not only the result of calculation. In the real world, Pang Xuelin has also studied excess chromodynamics in the course of studying materials science and chemistry.

He remembers very clearly that in the real world, the problem of strong coupling in quantum chromodynamics has been solved, and it has been applied in the fields of condensed matter physics, materials science, and so on.

Witten laughed: "Pang, the results we have achieved are quite perfect. Even if there are still some dual relationships that we have not found out, but they are sufficient to support the existing theoretical framework system, we don't need to continue to be fault-finding."

Pang Xuelin froze for a moment ~ www.NovelMTL.com ~ The eyes suddenly flickered and said, "Professor Witten, what did you just say?"

Witten said: "There is no need to continue to be fault-finding."

"No, it was the last sentence."

"Last sentence? Our results are already perfect, even if there are still some dual relationships that we haven't figured out ..."

"Yes, it is duality!"

Pang Xuelin slaps his palm and says, "Professor Witten, so, if you don't write the thesis first, I will continue to study on the basis of the present, what do you think?"

"Fine!"

Whitten hesitated for a moment and nodded.

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