Three Kingdoms

  Chapter 2492 Can't afford to die

  When Jiangdong encountered various problems, in Guanzhong, the Qinglong Temple Great Theory that was unfolding also encountered some problems. Of course, these problems basically belonged to the collision of literature and thought.

  This is also the original intention of Fei Qian to hold the Qinglong Temple Great Discussion.

   Only the collision of ideas can produce sparks of civilization.

  But no one thought that it was not the Six Classics, but the "Book of Filial Piety" that had a huge ideological collision first.

  The style of the big man seems to be changing quietly.

   "Book of Filial Piety" is said to be Confucius' "last words of the seventy disciples".

  Of course, Old Master Confucius has been away from the world for many years. What did the old man say back then? Well, only his disciples and grandchildren can feel their conscience and say that Old Master Confucius really said that.

  The "Book of Filial Piety" handed down by the Han Dynasty was originally collected by Yan Zhi from Hejian, and presented by his son Yan Zhen. Just by looking at this surname, one knows that it is the descendant of that descendant.

Later, this "Book of Filial Piety" was jointly certified by Changsun, Dr. Jiang Weng, Shaofu Houcang, Admonisher Yifeng, Anchang Hou Zhangyu, etc., and stamped it with a name stamp, indicating that this scripture was handed down, and it was the same as the "Book of Filial Piety" in their family. The scriptures of the "Book of Filial Piety" are all the same, which is considered to be the conclusion of this "Book of Filial Piety", that is, the certificate is almost written like the acquaintance of the later generations of Jianbao bricks.

  This is "Jinwen Xiaojing", which has eighteen chapters in total.

But what’s interesting is that after a few years, King Lu Gong, the most famous demolition household in the Han Dynasty, tore down the old house of Confucius...Well, this shows that the "forced demolition" actually has a Chinese tradition, and then found the present "Demolition" in the broken wall Kong Anguo learned of dozens of books such as Shangshu, Book of Rites, The Analects of Confucius, and The Classic of Filial Piety. And in the "Book of Filial Piety" that was pulled out, there are actually twenty-two chapters...

   噫? !

  Didn’t there be a seal and signature of the author before, and the certification was valid, saying that everyone is the original version, and everyone “same” is the 18th chapter of the "Book of Filial Piety"?

   Could it be that this brick house...

  Then a Brickman came out with a red and swollen face, declaring: "This...that...all the same, all the same...hahaha, hehehe, farewell, farewell..."

   Anyway, believe it or not, this is the case.

   Fortunately, "Jin Wen Xiao Jing" and "Forcibly Demolition of Xiao Jing", er, are only one chapter away from "Ancient Wen Xiao Jing", "Inside the boudoir door, there are rituals!" Brother Yan. The wives are ministers and concubines, and the common people are also slaves. 』

  Other chapters are slightly merged and font changed.

This kind of difference is actually not a big problem, because during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, some characters would have some evolution and changes in the Qin and Han Dynasties, such as "death" and "no", "disease" and "disease", and "female" and "Ru" and so on, the difference in language habits and factors of changing times is a very normal thing, and it does not mean which word in "Jin Wen Xiao Jing" and "Gu Wen Xiao Jing" is the original product. , Those are back-sealed, only three sizes, um, four sizes in one, no warranty, so forget it.

   It's just that there is only one chapter missing!

  Boudoir Chapter.

Of course, those who include the disciples of Confucius have missed the details. When the Zhuan family was summing up at that time, they felt that the old man Kong would not stare at the "boudoir" of others, which was not in line with the identity of the old master Confucius, so he deliberately "avoided it". I don't know.

But on this matter, Confucian researchers of later generations also argued that it was probably because "the father is not as good as Yao, but Dan Zhufang; the son is not as good as Shun, but Gusou is stubborn; the brother is not as good as Shun, but Xiang is proud; the brother is not as good as Shun." The Duke of Zhou is in charge of Shuju; the ministers and virtuous officials are no more than Tang Wu, and Jie and Zhou attack. 』So the boudoir chapter was deleted.

   Otherwise, this face is not good-looking...

  The current debate in Qinglong Temple is not the difference between the ancient and modern filial piety, but the extension, annotation and interpretation of the filial piety.

  Among these extensions, annotations and interpretations, the most prominent contradiction is about "funeral".

Some people think that funerals, especially the custom of thick burials, are in the mainstream of China because of Confucianism's emphasis on "filial piety". filial piety", but actually...

Regarding the emergence of the concept of "filial piety", if we talk about the exact time of its birth, the more common view is that it was in the Zhou Dynasty, but the basic meaning of filial piety was clearly changed to "be kind to parents" in the Warring States period and later. Only then did "be kind to parents" become the core and even the only content of "filial piety".

   Then it changed from "good deeds to parents", or it is equivalent to "the wind of thick burial", this is interesting.

  The trend of thick burials has already begun to take shape as early as in primitive society. Before the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, before the old Master Confucius babbled to his disciples, there were already a large number of people carrying out thick burials. The reason is not necessarily that these people had a sense of the "good parents" mentioned in the Book of Filial Piety, but because people at that time believed in the immortality of the soul.

  Pray for longevity, for resurrection, death is immortal, and the soul lasts forever.

  This is the main reason for thick burials.

  Before the Middle Paleolithic Age, it was believed that the souls of ancestors were immortal after death, and could still harm or protect descendants and interfere in human affairs. Under the influence of this concept, thick burials naturally appeared in funeral customs.

  Since it is believed that the soul has knowledge after death, the living will spend a lot of money to bury the dead in exchange for their own spiritual safety, believing that they can also be rich and peaceful after death. The living are not ashamed, and the dead are happy. Under the influence of this kind of concept and psychology, thick burial became a social custom at that time, and it lasted for a long time.

  The thick burial was only "burial" at the beginning.

That is to say, "death is like life" and "death is like life", burying the favorite and most precious items with the deceased, expressing grief, and believing in the heart that the dead can still continue to have them underground Its precious artifacts, or people and animals, this custom has little connection with "parents" at first.

  Because in the early tombs, there were young children who were buried with a large number of artifacts. Could it be that this child was buried generously because there are children for "good parents"?

  『This is putting the cart before the horse! Guan Ning talked eloquently, looking around at the crowd, with an indisputable certainty in his expression, "Filial piety and unfilial piety are by no means determined by whether or not parents are buried generously!" 』

  『If the son of man is not filial on weekdays, but after the death of his parents, there will be sacrifices and howling, the ceremony will be ten miles long, and the funeral will be buried with a lot of money. 』

  『If you are born and cannot be raised, you will be honored after death. Can you be called a gentleman? 』

  『Filial piety is more important than the name! Your skin and hair is from your parents! The ritual of keeping filial piety is to express sorrow, but there are people who are famous, who use tragic acts, acts of invasion, and destroy themselves to show filial piety. This kind of extreme filial piety is a bit too much! 』

"What's more, at the time of Xiaowen in the past, when I was in Handan, I was sad and sad. Gu said that the officials said, "Wow! Take the stones from the northern mountains as the outer coffin, use rice wool to sieve the Chen, and paint it in between, how can you move it!" Left and right! Everyone said, "Good." Only Shi Qianjin said, "If there is something desirable in it, even if it is imprisoned in Nanshan, there will still be Qie; if there is no desire in it, even if there is no stone coffin, why do you care?" Xiaowen then said Goodness will eventually be buried in Ba. 』

  『Look now, there are robbers in every tomb of Chang’an! 』

  『Red eyebrows and other hundreds of thousands of people entered the customs, burned the palaces and cities in Chang'an, the people starved and ate each other, hundreds of thousands died, Chang'an was empty, and no one walked in the city. All the tombs of the ancestral temple and garden were excavated, but the Ba Tomb and Du Tomb were all excavated! 』

  『A thick burial is not a form of filial piety, is it just a matter of fame? It also attracts thieves and thieves to intrude, and it is difficult for the ancestors to sleep peacefully in Jiuquan! Can this be called filial piety? It's so strange! 』

  『Since governing the classics of filial piety, we should seek the correct solution! 』

  『From today onwards, Confucian sages’ original intention, filial piety in ordinary days, is to respect and support! 』

  『It’s definitely not filial piety until you die! 』

  Guan Ning speaks eloquently, quotes from many sources, and the fate of the Chang'an tombs is actually in front of him. Citing them as examples is indeed very convincing.

Guan Ning lost his father when he was sixteen years old. His cousins ​​all sympathized with his loneliness and poverty, and expressed their willingness to donate to him the expenses for his father's funeral. to the end. In the midst of the great burial of the great man, it must be said that he was very courageous.

   You must know that Guan Ning was only sixteen years old at that time!

  Guan Ning bluntly stated that the essence of filial piety has nothing to do with thick burials, and at the same time, he also said that Confucius’ expression of filial piety did not say that there should be thick burials, but only said that it must conform to "rituals".

   Regarding what is the "ritual" that is in line with filial piety, Guan Ning said that the most important things are "respect" and "nurture". "Nurture" is the external expression of filial piety, while "respect" is the premise in the heart and the fundamental guarantee for the realization of filial piety. Nurturing can only be called filial piety if it is shown outside on the premise of respect in the heart. Filial piety is the combination of respect and nurturing.

   "Nurture" but not "respect", also cannot be called "filial piety". First of all, there should be respect, and then consider whether filial piety can be truly implemented.

Guan Ning criticizes the current secular trend, "Life is not very nourishing, death is mourning", which is not "filial piety" at all, but a person who seeks fame, uses the death of his parents to paint himself, seeks fame, and coerces others to do the same. Together, this has led to the deformity of the entire social customs, and I am extremely indignant about such a phenomenon.

  One stone stirs up waves.

  Because what Guan Ning claimed is indeed a pain right now!

  Actually, at present, there are also many Han people who have returned to poverty due to illness and poverty due to mourning. These are not only children from poor families, but also many ordinary people.

  If you don’t have a generous burial, you are not filial!

This is almost the way of thinking of keyboard warriors in the Han Dynasty. If there is no such firm mind as Guan Ning, it will be easy to be forced to pay for it when you sell your house, land, or yourself What are the "gratitude and filial piety fees" and "Cotai Strip money", if you don't add some fragrance to bathe in the SPA, and don't spend a fortune, you are simply not a son of man!

   But in fact, such a custom actually benefits a small number of people.

   And the most important thing is to profit from the middle and lower officials.

The emperor promoted Confucianism and emphasized filial piety for the sake of ruling, while the local officials promoted filial piety for the sake of political achievements, and then the middle and lower officials were almost pulling chicken feathers as arrows, and the filial piety they advocated was not really for the sake of The so-called "filial piety" is for "profit"!

  These officials colluded with the country tyrants, taking advantage of the strong sense of face of the Han Dynasty people, just like banquets in the diet and weddings in marriage, to amass money wantonly.

  Simply speaking, a deep burial is not important to the dead, but to the living...

  In fact, the style of thick burials in the Han Dynasty arose from the extravagant behavior of the ruling class, especially princes, relatives and eunuchs. These people are often both political beneficiaries and economically rich, capable of transcending rituals and practicing extravagance. The reason why the practice of thick burials has been repeatedly banned is closely related to the political and economic status and extravagant behavior of these people.

   In fact, there are many genuine Confucian scholars, most of whom strongly oppose the practice of thick burials.

People like Guan Ning basically advocate the ritual of burial, and pay more attention to "cautious and chasing after the end". critical attitude.

   Opposing heavy burials and advocating thrift was actually mentioned more than once in the courts of the Han Dynasty, and there were even special edicts issued to localities, asking all localities to resist heavy burials and promote thin burials.

   Just like the Emperor Wen of Han mentioned by Guan Ning, he is a typical emperor who advocates frugality and promotes thin burials.

  The thin burial in the tomb of Emperor Wen has been passed down as a good story throughout the ages in the ancient Chinese funeral history, and it has also become a famous example of emperor's thrift.

   Well, actually it was just a misunderstanding.

  Because later generations also dug up a lot of treasures in the Ba Ling. It's just that before the Red Eyebrow Army, Dong Zhuo, Li Guo and others thought that there was really nothing in the Baling Mausoleum, or that the income from digging the Baling Mausoleum was obviously not as good as digging other things...

   In the Jin Dynasty, the legend of the thin burial in the Baling Mausoleum was broken. Perhaps it was because the fat experience packs had already been opened at that time, so the "thin" ones were also opened. In the last years of the Western Jin Dynasty, thousands of hungry households such as Yinhuan and Jiewu in Chang'an "stealed Han Ba, Du Erling, and won more money." treasure".

  In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu's edict also advocated light burial. It is worth noting that in the thin burial edict, Emperor Guangwu not only did not feel the conflict between the filial son and the thin burial, but also believed that the thin burial was an act that the filial son should implement.

   Later, in the twelfth year of Yongping of Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty, the second year of Jianchu of Emperor Zhang, the eleventh year of Yongyuan of Emperor He, and the first and fifth years of Yongchu of Emperor An, all issued edicts to prohibit thick burials.

  However, just like the "thin" burial of Emperor Wen, there are still "multiple treasures" in the Baling, and the traditional arts of Han officials are still vividly displayed.

   Of course, there may be ruling considerations, such as Shang Yang's "Five People's Strategies"...

  Guan Ning's remarks, of course, also received quite a lot of counterattacks.

   After all, there are still many people who are unwilling, especially those with vested interests.

   After all, the people are only poor and poor, and they are busy making a living every day, so they don’t think about it, otherwise they will erect a street light pole or something, how terrible!

   Among those who opposed Guan Ning, some naturally found corresponding weapons to fight against.

  Just as castles are always easiest to attack from the inside, only magic can be used to defeat magic, and only Confucian scriptures can be used to refute Confucian scriptures...

  After Guan Ning proclaimed his own ideas, and discussed from Confucius to Emperor Wen and Emperor Guangwu, after explaining the thin burial, some people loudly opposed it...

  『How unreasonable! A thick burial is a family relationship! The so-called everyone kisses their own relatives, grow their own and the world will be peaceful! How can you give up eating because of choking? 』

  『As the so-called father and son have relatives, monarchs and ministers have righteousness, husband and wife are different, seniors and children are orderly, and friends have trust. This is the way of filial piety. Thick and precious, it is a matter of sincerity, how can it be salty? 』

  『Serving relatives is the root of everything. The utmost importance of filial piety is nothing more than respecting relatives, and nothing greater than respecting relatives is nothing less than being supported by the world. To be the daughter of the world is to be the most respected; to be raised by the world is to be raised to the utmost. This is the essence of scriptures and righteousness, the first of ethics, and the principles of heaven and earth. 』

  For a while, the voice of rebuttal was also surging.

   Among these remarks, most people adopted another sage's words.

   That is Mencius.

  Confucius and Mencius are not separated...

   Mencius not only expressed the need for a benevolent government, but also expressed the need to emphasize filial piety, and he himself did so. When Mencius's mother passed away, Mencius sent his disciple Chong Yu to ask craftsmen to make the coffin, and ordered the coffin to be good for his mother's burial.

  Chongyu thought that Mencius had too high and extravagant requirements for the coffin, and asked Mencius whether it was necessary to raise the standard so high and make it so exquisite?

  Mencius said, "The ancients had no limits. The seven-inch coffin in the middle ages is called the outer coffin. Since the son of heaven reached the common people, he did not directly observe the beauty, but then he made it into the hearts of the people. You have to be happy; if you have no money, you are not happy. People in ancient times all used it to get wealth, why am I not the only one? 』

   According to Mencius, the ancients could use thick coffins and heavy coffins, so they could use them themselves, and only in this way can their descendants do their best, and they also have money. Why can’t they give their mothers a generous burial?

   Simply put, rich and willful!

   So speaking of it, was Mencius wrong?

   There is nothing wrong with that.

   But the problem is that the later disciples and grandchildren expanded and one-sided the words of Mencius.

   Mencius is rich, but not everyone is rich.

  Like the people who eat minced meat in later generations, they will sigh, "Why don't young people go to factories", er, wrong, it's "How can young people not have a rich funeral"?

And once the rulers are high above, don't understand the actual situation, and start to have such arguments flooding the superstructure, from theory to theory, they never understand why this happens, and don't care about how to change it, just blindly stand on their own When interests are considered, huge social problems will naturally arise.

  It’s like the current big man. Although there are people like Guan Ning who advocate thin burials, there are also more people who want thick burials, and thick burials are still the mainstream attitude. As a result, in many counties and counties, there are still family poverty caused by funerals, and the family is bankrupt after the death of the elderly.

If you don't carry out a generous burial, you will be directly or indirectly scolded and accused by the big man keyboard man, especially the manor owners, local tyrants, and merchants who can benefit from such an act of generous burial. These hired workers, rangers, and libertines publicized thick burials in both black and white, mocking and abusing those people with thin burials.

  Under such circumstances, many poor people, once they are old and feel that time is running out, they will go up the mountain to kill themselves!

  Because of this, it is considered missing!

   Not considered dead!

  And when the people of the Han Dynasty couldn't afford to die, how much of the so-called "loyalty and filial piety" in the Confucian scriptures could they have towards the Han Dynasty?

  (end of this chapter)