Three Kingdoms

  Chapter 727 The Academy discusses ancient and modern times

  Choosing ancient Chinese classics or modern Chinese classics is actually a problem that people in the Han Dynasty need to face when they study.

As far back as ancient times, China was in the midst of changing times. The Zhou royal family was in decline, and the feudal lords became powerful. The "Zhou Li" that maintained the feudal patriarchal hierarchy was greatly damaged. At this time, intellectuals representing the interests of various classes became extremely active and became an important social force. They stepped onto the stage of history one after another, wrote books and proposed solutions to social real problems. , Formed a prosperous situation in which a hundred schools of thought contend.

   Among them, the most influential ones were Confucianism, Legalism, Taoism, and Mohism. They each designed a set of plans for the emerging landlord class to end separatism and realize unified state governance, which laid the foundation for the choice of social state governance ideas after the Qin and Han Dynasties.

It was at this point in time that the authority of the traditional cultural rites was questioned and criticized, so appropriate transformations were carried out in order to seek a new balance in the changes of the new country, and what kind of The model has become a huge proposition of worldwide concern, triggering a huge collision spark in the ideological world, which is the contention of a hundred schools of thought.

  Confucianism at this time is actually not what Confucius called himself, but where he got it from Mohism. Confucius was only one of the philosophers at this time, and he had the same status as the other philosophers, so there was no master-slave relationship.

  But since the Han Dynasty, the status of Confucianism has gradually improved, and it has gradually surpassed other schools of thought.

   There is nothing Fei Qian can do about this.

   It’s not that an emperor chose Confucianism, but Huaxia chose Confucianism. Compared with Huang Lao’s rule by doing nothing, Mohism’s love and non-aggression, and Legalism’s advocating the law and clear punishment, none of them can provide a systematic social class solution...

  So Fei Qian can only make an attempt from the root of Confucianism, trying to see if he can mix some of his own ideas into this not yet fully formed Confucian sect.

  And this kind of attempt starts from Jinwen Jingxue and Guwen Jingxue.

  Fei Qian respectfully poured Cai Yong a cup of hot tea, then offered it to Cai Yong with both hands, and said, "Master, what is the difference between modern Chinese and ancient Chinese?"

  Cai Yong glanced at Fei Qian, then picked up the tea bowl, took a few sips, put down the tea bowl, and then said slowly: "Jin Wen Wei Wang."

  Fei Qian knows that there are actually many differences between Jinwen and Guwen Jingxue, but apart from admiring Confucius and Zhou Gong just now, the more important thing is actually the understanding of Jingshu.

The so-called standing statues of Confucius and the Duke of Zhou are actually just an external manifestation. As a scholar of the ancient texts, Cai Yong may not necessarily pay homage to King Wen of Zhou every morning and evening, but because the texts of the present classics describe Confucius It was pushed to the holy position, so the people of the ancient texts pulled King Wen of Zhou out to compete with him. Therefore, as in later generations, it is necessary to be slightly disrespectful to the statue of Confucius or the Duke of Zhou. In the Han Dynasty, there is still no such thing.

   What Cai Yong said is the biggest fundamental difference between Jinwenjing and Guwenjing.

  In fact, this so-called "Weishu" is also complementary to the sanctification of Confucius. Because Confucius is a saint, what he said must not be ordinary words, and naturally there are other mysteries in it. In order for future generations to avoid detours, Confucius concealed a batch of "weishu" that explained the scriptures, so that later generations could understand "Confucius's subtle words". "Weiyan" is a hidden language, a word that contains great meaning but is not easy to detect.

In the Han Dynasty, it was not the School of Ancient Literature that first appeared, but the School of Modern Literature. Because of the Qin Dynasty, many books were lost at that time. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu’s suggestion at that time, established Chang’an Taixue, and set up the Doctor of Five Classics. Specializes in Confucian classics. At that time, the only version of the scriptures that was later called "Jinwen" had not yet been challenged by the ancient scriptures. Dong Zhongshu responded to Emperor Wu's policy question three times, using the ideas of yin and yang, five elements, and the unity of man and nature to develop Confucianism, transforming Confucianism into a theological system with a strong mysterious color, which combines elements of Taoism, Legalism, and Yin-Yangism , to fulfill the words of his family.

But later, when Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang was ordered to sort out and revise the old books collected from various places. When his son Liu Xin was assisting his father in collation, he found a "Spring and Autumn Zuo Shi Zhuan" transcribed in ancient Chinese. The interpretation of "Spring and Autumn" is relatively fair and correct. Presumably Zuo has seen Confucius, so he got the true meaning.

After Liu Xiang's death, Emperor Ai of the Han ordered Liu Xin to take over his father's post. Liu Xin suggested that the imperial court should list "Chunqiu Zuo Shi Zhuan", together with "Yi Li", "Mao Shi" and "Gu Wen Shang Shu", which are also ancient texts, among the academic officials. .

Dong Zhongshu, who was born in "Spring and Autumn", based on the text "Chunqiu Gongyang Zhuan", so many people think that Zuo Zhuan is a crooked way, especially officials above the court, and they are even more verbal. This incident is also known as Jinwen. The first confrontation between the scriptures and the ancient scriptures.

Fei Qian said: "Reading is like drinking tea. You should know whether you are warm or cold. If you believe in books, you will have no books." Fei Qian understands that as long as many things are written by people, there must be personal emotional factors in them. If you only know how to accept them completely, what is the difference from ducks?

   "It is better to have no books than to believe in books" is not an original creation of Fei Qian, but it was proposed by Mencius as early as the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period.

  Cai Yong understood what Fei Qian meant in the blink of an eye, stroked his beard, and said, "Ziyuan wants to attack Confucius with Meng? This method...what is a credible book?"

  It is better to have no books than to believe in all books. It does not mean not to accept all, but to accept selectively. Then the question naturally arises, what is the right choice, and which book can really make people believe?

   Fei Qian smiled, then got up and took a stack of books from the bookshelf beside him, and put them in front of Cai Yong with both hands.

  Cai Yong glanced suspiciously: "Lianshan Remnant Chapter?" Then he saw the words Cai's Collection of Books on the title page of the book, raised his eyebrows, and didn't say anything.

  Cai Yong roughly flipped through the several books in his hand, and then the more he looked at them, the more they looked familiar, and said: "Who wrote this book? The shape of the book... this..."

Fei Qian smiled again, then took another stack of scrolls, presented it to Cai Yong, and said: "Master, this book can be said to be written by the senior sister, but not entirely by her..." Of course, every word is written according to Cai Yong's words. Yan copied the font to engrave it, but because it was slightly deformed when it was turned into a font, so there is such a saying.

"Huh..." Cai Yong took it over and saw that there was still a large pile of the same "Lianshan Fragmented Chapters", which were still exactly the same, as if they came out of the same mold, and Cai Yan seemed to be busy writing a book recently I didn't have much time to copy the persuasion book, so I was a little puzzled. After thinking about it, I said, "Ziyuan...new rubbing of this book?"

"Master, it's not rubbing, but printing with movable type." Fei Qian stood up, bowed solemnly to Cai Yong, and said, "In some time, there will be books written by Ouyang and Xiahou. Xia Ri In the past, the six classics were complete, and within this year, there will be hundreds of reprinted books... At that time, in the academy, if there is any doubt, they can verify each other, and there will be no books to check! As time goes on, the fake books will gradually disappear , The scriptures are self-preserving! In the long run, Cai’s library will pass on the scriptures to the world, and return the original sources of all scholars. They should be recreated with kindness, and they will be sung through the ages!"

   Gods and Gods’ mutterings and personal worship of Confucius are the things of Jinwen Confucian classics;

   It is the requirement of ancient Chinese classics to respect ancient etiquette and emphasize the unalterable authority of scriptures...

   Then, later generations are very good, very good and very good, combining the advantages of Jinwen Confucianism and Ancient Chinese Confucianism...

   It not only worships Confucius, recognizes small words and great righteousness, but also emphasizes that the laws of the ancestors can be followed forever...

  (end of this chapter)